Department of ultrasound, Shenzhen Maternal and ChildHealthcareHospital,Shenzhen 518028 China
ABSTRACTThe fetal nasal bone can be visvalized by ultrasonography at 11~13+6 weeks of gestation. Several studies have demonstrated a high association between absent nasal at 11~13+6 weeks of gestation and trisomy 21, as well as other chromosomal abnormalities. Examination of the nasal bone can increase the detection rate of screening of fetuses with trisomy 21 by the first trimester scan and serun biochemistry to more than 95%.
1.观察时间:胎儿颜面部的形成主要在妊娠6~12周间。胎儿的鼻、唇、腭形成最晚,鼻、唇在11周能完全形成,腭到12周发育完全〔1〕。在孕11~13+6周时,胎儿鼻骨检查的成功率超过95%〔5〕,因此在孕11~13+6周即胎儿顶臀长相当于45~84mm时进行鼻骨超声扫查,除上述情况外,之所以选择在11~13+6周进行鼻骨测量还有以下几个因素:①为了结合颈后透明层(nuchal translucency, NT)值,因合并使用鼻骨、NT及母体游离β-hCG和妊娠性血浆蛋白-A(pregnancy associated plasma protein A, PAPP-A)进行筛查,在筛查阳性比率为5%时,有可能查出超过95%的21-三体妊娠,而NT值的测量是在11~13+6周。②此时如检查有异常可进行跟进检测,如羊膜腔穿刺;如无异常也可令孕妇心理安定,因大部分孕妇不愿做侵入性检查。
首先选择适当的孕周;其次对胎儿鼻骨异常的判断要有统一标准;此外测量切面要标准,没有标准的切面图像不可能测出准确的值。因此进行此项工作的超声医师必须接受正规的训练,使其掌握测量鼻骨的标准及技巧,并对测量结果的分布和图像质量进行分析、总结后,测量误差会减小。英国胎儿医学基金会(Fetal Medicine Foundation FMF)制定了一整套严格、标准的培训及品质检定程序,培训包括:理论课,如何取得标准的声像图及测量鼻骨的实习指导,定期及持续评审(审核量度分布图及抽查超声医师的留图)。准确测量鼻骨的能力有赖于适当的训练、标准的遵守、技巧的掌握及操作医师的态度。
参考文献
1邹仲之,组织学与胚胎学.北京:人民卫生出版社,2002,1 246~9.
2张为龙,钟世镇,临床解剖学丛书.北京:人民卫生出版社,1994,226~227.
3Dowm LJ.Observation on an ethnic classification of idiots. Clin Lectures and Reports, LondonHospital 1866; 3: 259-62.
4Farkas LG, Katic MD, Forrest CR, et al. Surface anatomy of the face in the Down,s syndrome: linear and angular measurements in the craniofacial regions, J Craniofac Surg 2001;12:373-9.
5Cicero S, Curcio P, Papageorghiou A, et al. Absence of nasal bone in fetuses with trisomy 21 at 11-14 weeks of gestation: an abservational study. Lancet 2001:358;1665-7.
6Mireille N. Bekker, MD, Jos W. R. Twisk, et al. Reproducibility of the Fetal Nasal Bone Length Measurement. J Ultrasound Med 2004 :23:1613-1618
7Hansen L, Skovgaard LT, Nolting D, et al. Human prenatal nasal bone lengths: normal standards and length values in fetuses with cleft lip and cleft palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2005 Mar;42(2):165-70.
8Snijders RJM, SebireNJ, Cuckle H, et al, Maternal age and gestational age specific risks for chromosomal defects. Fetal Diag Ther 1995;10:356-67.
9Hecht CA, Hook EB. The imprecision in rates of Down syndrome by 1-year maternal age intervals: a critical analysis of rates used in biochemical screening. Prenat Diagn 1994;14:729-38.
10Pandya PP, Snijders RJM, Johnson SJ, et al. Screening for fetal trisomies by maternal age and fetal nuchal translucency thickness at 10-14 weeks of gestation.BJOG 1995;102:957-62.
11Snijders RJM, Noble P, Sebire N, et al. UK multicentre project on assessment of risk of trizomy 21 by maternal age and fetal nuchal translucency thickness at 10-14 weeks of gestation. Lancet 1998;351:343-6.
12Spencer K, Souter V, Tul N,et al. A screening program for trizomy 21 at 10-14 weeks using fetal nuchal translucency ,materal serum free β-human chorionic gonadotropin and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1999;13:231-7.
14Sonke J, Nicolaides KH. Prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of nasal bone abnormalities in three fetuses with Down syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002:186;139-4.
15Nicolaides KH, Nuchal translucency and other first-trimester sonographic markers of chromosomal abnormalities. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;191:45-67.